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Overview
KV20 is a rock-cut royal tomb in the eastern branch of the Valley of the Kings, Egypt, dating to the Eighteenth Dynasty. It was probably the first royal tomb to be constructed in the valley.
It was the original burial place of Thutmose I, who was later re-interred in KV38, and was adapted by his daughter Hatshepsut to accommodate her and her father. Howard Carter cleared the tomb in 1903-1904. It is distinguished from other tombs in the valley by its layout and by the atypical clockwise curvature of its corridors.
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Where it sits in time
The site's dated range, placed against world reference points.
The scale is logarithmic: each step to the left is about ten times older than the last.
Article
KV20
The corridors bend east-south-west in a clockwise fashion, which is a unique feature among the tombs in the valley.
DescriptionSources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
The tomb has an unusual layout. It consists of a series of five curving, descending corridors, interspersed with sections of steep stairs and passing through two chambers and an antechamber before ending in a pillared burial chamber with three small satellite storerooms. The corridors bend east-south-west in a clockwise fashion, which is a unique feature among the tombs in the valley. Beginning halfway down the first corridor are sockets, likely to have taken the timber supports used to lower the sarcophagus. The corridors also have steps cut along one side, with the remaining portion forming a ramp. Another unusual feature is the tomb's extreme length of 210 metres (690 ft).
KV20 is located in the easternmost branch of the valley near the later tombs KV19, KV43 and KV60.
Research historySources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
The tomb was known to the French expedition of 1799 and to Belzoni, who worked in the area in 1817. James Burton made a first attempt to excavate it in 1824, clearing it as far as the first chamber. Lepsius explored it in 1844 and 1845, but no further excavation was undertaken until Howard Carter began clearing the rock-hard fill in the corridor in the spring of 1903. Carter worked as Inspector of the Antiquities Service, and the work was sponsored by Theodore M. Davis, who published a full report in 1906.
No further activities have been carried out since Carter's work ended. The ceiling of the burial chamber had suffered a further collapse when John Romer visited the tomb in the late 1960s. Since 1994 the burial chamber has been inaccessible because of debris deposited by flooding.
ExcavationsSources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Carter found two items bearing Hatshepsut's cartouches during his excavation of the tomb of Thutmose IV (KV43), which led him to suspect that her tomb lay nearby. A single foundation deposit was found on 2 February 1903 immediately in front of KV20. It had been carefully placed between layers of sand and covered with limestone chips, and contained small alabaster vases and model items and tools including brick moulds, adzes, axes, chisels and a flail, as well as linen samples, bread and vase rests. Some elements had washed into the first corridor and were recovered there.
The clearance began in early February 1903 and proved difficult, concluding only in March the following year. The tomb was filled with hard, cemented debris. The first passageway, which curves to the right and is 49.5 metres (162 ft) long by 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide and tall, was cleared by the end of February, and the first rectangular chamber by 15 April. A steep flight of steps cut into the centre of the floor leads to the second corridor. Midway down it the limestone layer ends and the unstable tafle (marl) stratum begins. Work stopped at this point because of the heat and the exhaustion of the air, owing to the great numbers of workmen required.
Work restarted in mid October, and the conditions inside the tomb made it necessary to install an exhaust fan. The third corridor was cleared by 26 January 1904; its curve to the right becomes a sharp bend at the end. The chamber beyond was again totally filled with debris, and its ceiling had collapsed. The final flight of steps, only 12 metres (39 ft) long, was cleared by 11 February. In this corridor Carter began to encounter the remains of funerary items, mostly stone vases bearing the cartouches of Ahmose-Nefertari, Thutmose I and Hatshepsut. The excavation was completed at the end of March 1904.
FindsSources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
The burial chamber, with a ceiling supported by three columns aligned along its length, was full of debris and had suffered a ceiling collapse. It contained two sarcophagi and the canopic chest of Hatshepsut. Her sarcophagus lay at the far end of the chamber with its lid on the floor at the head end, and her canopic chest stood in the centre of the room. The sarcophagus of Thutmose I lay in the middle of the room, tipped on its side against the second pillar, probably to support that column, with its lid leaning against the wall. Carter noted that none of the items were in their original locations.
The chamber also held fifteen limestone slabs bearing chapters of the Amduat in red and black ink, illustrated with stick figures like those in the tomb of Thutmose III (KV34). This is the earliest known tomb to be decorated with the Amduat. The soft rock of the burial chamber was unsuitable for decoration, and the slabs were intended to line the walls. Similar blocks, probably from the same series, were found in KV38. Smaller finds included fragments of vases, bowls and jars in stone and pottery, burnt pieces of coffins and boxes, the foot and face of a large wooden statue (probably a guardian statue), faience vases, ushabti coffins and small pieces of inlay.
The sarcophagi and canopic box were removed to Cairo, although the sarcophagus of Thutmose I was given to Davis for the Boston Museum. That sarcophagus was originally inscribed for Hatshepsut but was later altered for the king: the interior was entirely recarved to enlarge it and new texts were added. Some of the interior decoration at the head and foot ends was hastily cut away, presumably during the reburial of Thutmose I, when it was discovered that the sarcophagus was slightly too small for his coffins.
A box inscribed for Hatshepsut as pharaoh, containing the remains of a mummified liver or spleen, was recovered from the DB320 royal cache. Other items associated with Hatshepsut, including the legs and footboard of a couch or bed and a fragmentary cartouche-shaped lid, are of uncertain origin but might come from either the Deir el Bahari cache or KV6, the tomb of Ramesses IX.
InterpretationSources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Despite the foundation deposit of Hatshepsut and the existence of another tomb for Thutmose I (KV38), it is now generally presumed that KV20 was originally quarried for Thutmose I. A re-evaluation of the architecture and some of the contents of KV38 has shown that it is unlikely to pre-date the reign of Thutmose III. The proportions of the KV20 burial chamber differ from those of the rest of the tomb, and they display a design relationship to the architecture of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.
It has therefore been suggested that KV20 originally extended only to its present penultimate chamber, in which Thutmose I was first interred, and that the tomb was re-cut and refurbished during the reign of Hatshepsut to accommodate the burial of both her and her father. The burial of Thutmose I was later moved again, to KV38, by his grandson Thutmose III, while the burial of Hatshepsut probably remained in KV20 and eventually suffered robbery and official dismantling.
An unidentified mummy recovered from DB320 and found within coffins prepared by Thutmose III for Thutmose I is usually identified as that king. The body of Hatshepsut has not yet been identified with certainty. A molar found in the wooden box containing her liver was matched in 2007 to one of two female mummies found in KV60, which makes it likely that this mummy is Hatshepsut.
ContextSources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
Rock-cut tombs in the Valley of the Kings, on the west bank of the Nile opposite Thebes, were excavated for pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom over a period of nearly 500 years, from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasty. The valley became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979 with the rest of the Theban Necropolis.
Tradition and region
About this kind of monument
Rock-cut tombs of Egypt
Egypt has some of the best-known rock-cut tombs in the world. In the Valley of the Kings, on the west bank of the Nile opposite Thebes, tombs were excavated for pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom, for a period of nearly 500 years from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasty. The valley has two main sections, the East Valley where most royal tombs lie and the West Valley, known as the Valley of the Monkeys, and it is known to contain 65 tombs and chambers. It gained great attention after the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979 with the rest of the Theban Necropolis.
Much earlier, Beni Hasan in Middle Egypt is an ancient funerary site cut into the limestone cliffs on the east bank of the Nile about 20 kilometres south of Minya. In the Middle Kingdom it was the principal cemetery of the sixteenth nome of Upper Egypt, the Oryx nome, and its monumental tombs were cut roughly halfway up the cliff, overlooking the valley. Rock-cut tombs are also found at Deir el-Medina, between the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens.
The mastaba is a different tradition: a flat-roofed rectangular tomb with sloping sides, built of mudbrick or limestone, which marked the burial sites of eminent Egyptians in the Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. The mastaba was built above ground and the rock-cut tomb into the cliff.
Egyptian tombs are among the best dated monuments in the Atlas, because the dynasty or reign of the king or noble who owned them is known.
When visiting, remember that access to many tombs is limited.
Paraphrased from Wikipedia: Valley of the Kings, Wikipedia: Beni Hasan, Wikipedia: Rock-cut tomb, Wikipedia: Mastaba · CC BY-SA 4.0
From the article
Dated moments in the story
- 1799
The tomb was known to Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition in 1799 and had been visited by several explorers between 1799 and 1903. A full clearance of the tomb was undertaken by Howard Carter in 1903–1904. KV20 is distinguishable from other tombs in the valley, both in its general layout and because of the atypical...
Source - 1799
KV20 is located in the easternmost branch of the valley near the later tombs KV19, KV43, and KV60. It was known to the French expedition of 1799 and to Belzoni, who worked in the area in 1817. A first attempt to excavate the tomb was undertaken by James Burton in 1824, who cleared it as far as the tomb's first chamber.
Source - 1844
Although Lepsius explored it in 1844 and 1845, no further attempts to excavate the tomb were undertaken until Howard Carter started his clearance of the rock-hard fill in the corridor in the spring of 1903. This excavation was conducted by Carter as Inspector of the Antiquities Service, but the work was sponsored...
Source - 1903
A single foundation deposit was found on 2 February 1903 immediately in front of KV20. The foundation deposit was carefully placed between layers of sand and covered over with limestone chips.
Source - 1903
Carter's excavation and clearance began in early Feb 1903 and proved to be difficult, only concluding in March the following year.
Source - 1904
This third corridor was cleared by 26 January 1904; the curve to the right becomes a sharp bend at its end.
Source - 1904
Carter's excavation was completed at the end of March 1904, and the sarcophagi and canopic box were removed to Cairo, although the sarcophagus of Thutmose I was given to Davis for the Boston Museum.
Source - 1906
Davis, who published a full report of the work in 1906. After Carter's work in the tomb ended, no further activities have been carried out.
Source - 1994
Since 1994 the burial chamber has been inaccessible due to debris deposited by flooding.
Source - 2007
A molar found in the wooden box containing her liver, was matched to one of these mummies in 2007, making it likely that the mummy belongs to Hatshepsut.
Source
Photographs
2 photographs, each with its author and licence
More photographs
Lore
Evidence & Lore
What the sources actually support — and, kept apart, what has been claimed.
What the evidence supports
Dates
Est. 3600–2500 BCEHow this date was established: Type comparisonTypological estimate, not a date for this site: a hypogeum in North Africa is normally dated between 3600 BCE and 2500 BCE (Atlas typological table).Source for this date
Measured facts
- Length
- 210.32 metresSource: Length
- First burial
- Thutmose I, later re-interred in KV38Source: First burial
- Clearance
- Howard Carter, 1903–1904Source: Clearance
- Burial chamber
- Two sarcophagi and the canopic chest of HatshepsutSource: Burial chamber
- Amduat slabs
- Fifteen limestone slabs in red and black inkSource: Amduat slabs
- Layout feature
- Atypical clockwise curvature of the corridorsSource: Layout feature
- Culture
- Ancient EgyptSource: Culture
Where it stands
Egypt
The pin marks the monument itself — its exact point.
- Coordinates
- 25°44′00″ N, 32°36′00″ EFor a GPS or map app: 25.73333, 32.60000
Access is as our sources describe it; we have not visited the site to check.
Nearby
The closest sites in the Atlas, by straight line.
Sources
Every record behind this page, with the link it came from.
2 sources behind this page
- 01Wikidata Q1477526wikidata.org
- 02Wikipedia (en)en.wikipedia.org
Image files
- KV20 Hatshepsut.jpgR.F.MorganCC BY-SA 3.0
- KV20 burial chamber.jpgHoward CarterPublic domain
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Around this place
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Credit
Text, licence and sources
Adapted from the Wikipedia article "KV20" (English), licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; authors are listed in the page history. Reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read on Wikipedia · Edit history and authors
- Wikipedia (English): KV20CC BY-SA 4.0
- Wikidata Q1477526CC0
