Megalithic mound (tumulus with integral stones)
Baksa-halom
Photo Orosz.M · CC BY 3.0Source file on Wikimedia Commons
Overview
About this site
Overview
Baksa-halom is a burial mound of the Avar period rising on a hilltop above the village of Szentistvánbaksa, in Hungary. Its builders are attributed to the Pannonian Avars.
The mound was excavated in 1869 and again in the 1930s. The first campaign found that the mound had been heavily disturbed in earlier times; the later one produced pottery and the remains of Avar-period weapons in large quantity.
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Article
Baksa-halom
In 1869 Gábor Vendégi, deputy lord-lieutenant of Abaúj county, proposed an archaeological excavation of the mound.
ExcavationsSources for this section
- Wikipedia (hu): Baksa-halomCC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (hu): Baksa-halomCC BY-SA 4.0
In 1869 Gábor Vendégi, deputy lord-lieutenant of Abaúj county, proposed an archaeological excavation of the mound. Work began on 2 August 1869, with Flóris Rómer and József Hampel attending. Rómer, who directed the dig, soon concluded that the mound had been strongly disturbed in the past and that the excavation was therefore pointless. Under public pressure, however, the work continued until 14 August. It uncovered a large mass of stone, beneath which there was no trace of a burial chamber or of a body.
In December 1869 the owner of the land came upon timberwork beneath the stone mass, and excavation resumed on 6 December 1869. It revealed a post-built grave which had probably collapsed as a result of an internal fire, together with a few fragments of bone.
FindsSources for this section
- Wikipedia (hu): Baksa-halomCC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (hu): Baksa-halomCC BY-SA 4.0
In the 1930s staff of the Herman Ottó Museum in Miskolc excavated in the mound again. They recovered pottery vessels and the remains of Avar-period weapons in large quantity.
ContextSources for this section
- Wikipedia (hu): Baksa-halomCC BY-SA 4.0
Sources for this section
- Wikipedia (hu): Baksa-halomCC BY-SA 4.0
A tumulus, or barrow, is a mound of earth and stones raised over one or more graves. Mounds of this kind were built in Europe from the Stone Age to the Iron Age and beyond. Dating them is difficult because most have never been opened; archaeologists rely on radiocarbon dating, tree rings where timbers survive, and the pottery and metalwork found inside.
Tradition and region
About this kind of monument
Burial mounds and tumuli worldwide
A tumulus, or barrow, is a mound of earth and stones raised over one or more graves. A cairn is the same idea in stone, and in different places the same monument is called a barrow, kurgan, kofun, haugr or mound. Mounds are among the oldest and most widespread grave markers on Earth. They were built in Europe from the Stone Age to the Iron Age and beyond, across the steppe and Central Asia, in China, Korea and Japan, and in the Americas. A simple mound is a hemispherical heap of earth or stone raised over a burial placed in the middle; more complex ones have ditches, stone kerbs, and chambers of stone or timber, and many were built up in layers of soil, stone and turf.
Dating mounds is hard because most have never been opened. Archaeologists use radiocarbon dating of bone, charcoal and wood; tree rings where timbers survive; pottery and metalwork inside; and the typology of the mound's shape. Where none of these is available the Atlas gives a broad range. The grave goods of the richest mounds, such as weapons, gold, horses and even ships, show that the mounds were also statements of rank and power.
Cairns carry a good deal of folklore. In Ireland it is traditional to carry a stone up from the bottom of a hill and add it to a cairn at the top, and an old Scottish Gaelic blessing says "I'll put a stone on your cairn". In Portugal a legend says that the stones of a cairn (moledro) are enchanted soldiers. These are traditions, not facts about who is buried.
When visiting, look for the setting: mounds are usually placed to be seen from a path, a ridge or the sea.
Paraphrased from Wikipedia: Tumulus, Wikipedia: Burial mound, Wikipedia: Kurgan, Wikipedia: Cairn, Wikipedia: Round barrow · CC BY-SA 4.0
From the article
Dated moments in the story
- 1869
1869-ben Vendégi Gábor, Abaúj vármegye alispánja a halom régészeti feltárását kezdeményezte.
Source - 1869
Az 1869. augusztus 2-án indult feltárásra Rómer Flóris és Hampel József érkezett.
Source - 1869
1869 decemberében a föld tulajdonosa gerendázatra bukkant a kőtömeg alatt, így a feltárás 1869. december 6-án folytatódott.
Source - 1930
Az 1930-as években a miskolci Herman Ottó Múzeum munkatársai végeztek ásatásokat a halomban.
Source
See it in 3D
An interpretive reconstruction of the monument, standing on the real ground at its exact point, under the sun for that place and season. Drag to look around it.

The reconstruction is ours, not a survey: it shows what a monument of this type looks like, at the size the record gives for this one.
Photographs
3 photographs, each with its author and licence
More photographs
Where it stands
Hungary
The pin marks the monument itself — its exact point.
- Coordinates
- 48°12′34″ N, 21°01′39″ EFor a GPS or map app: 48.20949, 21.02752
Access is as our sources describe it; we have not visited the site to check.
Nearby
The closest sites in the Atlas, by straight line.
- Megalithic mound (tumulus with integral stones)Malá Ratka - mohyla
- Megalithic mound (tumulus with integral stones)marhaňsko-kučínsky mohylník
Pozdrav z pravěku
Gödény-halom4000–1200 BCE
Kurhan w Krajowicach4300–3500 BCE- Megalithic mound (tumulus with integral stones)Mohylník Cesciny
Krakus Mound4300–3500 BCE
Wanda Mound4300–3500 BCE
Sources
Every record behind this page, with the link it came from.
1 source behind this page
- 01Wikidata Q137926218wikidata.org
Image files
- Baksa halom - panoramio.jpgOrosz.MCC BY 3.0
- Baksa halom.jpgOrosz MiklósCC BY-SA 4.0
- Baksa-halom.jpgOrosz MiklósCC0
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Around this place
The ten nearest sites, by compass
Credit
Text, licence and sources
Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Baksa-halom" (hu), licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; authors are listed in the page history. Reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read on Wikipedia · Edit history and authors
- Wikipedia (hu): Baksa-halomCC BY-SA 4.0
- Wikidata Q137926218CC0